Math Symbols in HTML

This page explains how to place various mathematical characters into HTML documents. The symbols have been grouped into the following categories:

Operation Symbols

Relation Symbols

Arrows and Brackets

Greek Symbols

Miscellaneous Symbols

INTRODUCTION
There are several ways to add these symbols to your pages. I will omit consideration of symbols which appear on the keyboard unless, like &, they have a special HTML meaning. Of course, for any symbol, a .gif image can be created and the image displayed using the <img> tag. I will omit consideration of this strategy as well. In the tables below three codes will be given for displaying a character: the HTML numerical code, a code that can be placed between a FONT FACE tag, and a special HTML literal code (where available).

Well, how do you use this stuff? The following samples illustrate the use of each code method. To place a symbol in an HTML page or an email message (readable using a web browser) copy and paste the appropriate code into the file (or message) where you want the symbol.

HTML NUMERIC CODE example: to make a left curly bracket {, type {.

FONT FACE TAG example: to write xÎA, type xÎA.

HTML LITERAL CODE example: to make a degree symbol °, type °.

One more thing. To form superscripts or subscripts use the or tags.

SUPERSCRIPT example: to write 2^À, type 2À.

SUBSCRIPT example: to write x₅, type x5.

WARNING: Sometimes the numeric code for a symbol is the same as used within FONT FACE tags, but sometimes it's different. For example, \ produces \ while \ produces \. Also, while the codes appear to have become "standard" it is possible that some browser will not support certain characters. This will most likely be a problem when using the FONT FACE method.

Operation Symbols

NAME	SYMBOL	NUMERIC CODE	FONT FACE="Symbol" Code	LITERAL CODE
For all	"	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">"</FONT>`	None
There exist	$	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">$</FONT>`	None
Not	Ø	`¬`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ø</FONT>`	¬
And (meet)	Ù	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ù</FONT>`	None
Or (join)	Ú	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ú</FONT>`	None
Intersection	Ç	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ç</FONT>`	None
Union	È	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">È</FONT>`	None
Plus or minus	±	`±`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</FONT>`	±
Times	´	`×`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">´</FONT>`	×
Partial derivative	¶	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¶</FONT>`	None
Solid dot	·	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">·</FONT>`	None
Middle dot	·	`·`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">×</FONT>`	·
Circle times	Ä	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ä</FONT>`	None
Circle plus	Å	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Å</FONT>`	None
Division	¸	`÷`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¸</FONT>`	÷
Big product	Õ	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Õ</FONT>`	None
Big sum	å	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">å</FONT>`	None
Square root	Ö	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ö</FONT>`	None
Integral	∫	`∫`	`none`	∫

Relation Symbols

NAME	SYMBOL	NUMERIC CODE	FONT FACE="Symbol" Code	LITERAL CODE
Contains the element	'	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">'</FONT>`	None
Is a member of	Î	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Î</FONT>`	None
Is not a member of	Ï	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ï</FONT>`	None
Less than	<	`<`	None	<
Greater than	>	`>`	None	>
Isomorphism	@	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">@</FONT>`	None
Perpendicular	^	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">^</FONT>`	None
Vertical bar	\|	`\|`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">\|</FONT>`	None
Vertical line	½	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">½</FONT>`	None
Less than or equal	£	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">£</FONT>`	None
Greater than or equal	³	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">³</FONT>`	None
Not equal to	¹	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¹</FONT>`	None
Equivalent to	º	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">º</FONT>`	None
Approximately	»	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">»</FONT>`	None
Similar to	~	`~`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">~</FONT>`	None
Empty set	Æ	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Æ</FONT>`	None
Contains properly	É	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">É</FONT>`	None
Contains	Ê	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ê</FONT>`	None
Not included in	Ë	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ë</FONT>`	None
Proper subset of	Ì	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ì</FONT>`	None
Subset of	Í	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Í</FONT>`	None

Arrows and Brackets

NAME	SYMBOL	NUMERIC CODE	FONT FACE="Symbol" Code	LITERAL CODE
Left brace	[	`[`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">[</FONT>`	None
Right brace	]	`]`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">]</FONT>`	None
Left angle bracket	<	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol"><</FONT>`	None
Right angle bracket	>	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">></FONT>`	None
Left curley bracket	{	`{`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">{</FONT>`	None
Right curley bracket	}	`}`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">}</FONT>`	None
Double arrow	«	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">«</FONT>`	None
Left arrow	¬	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¬</FONT>`	None
Up arrow	↑	`↑`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol"></FONT>`	None
Right arrow	®	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">®</FONT>`	None
Down arrow	¯	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¯</FONT>`	None
Double big arrow	Û	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Û</FONT>`	None
Double left arrow	Ü	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ü</FONT>`	None
Double up arrow	Ý	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ý</FONT>`	None
Double right arrow	Þ	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Þ</FONT>`	None
Double down arrow	ß	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">ß</FONT>`	None
Ellipsis	¼	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¼</FONT>`	None
Left angle quote	«	`«`	None	«
Right angle quote	»	`»`	None	»

Greek Symbols
NOTE: Only the lower case letters are displayed. To obtain upper case use the equivalent upper case character.

NAME	SYMBOL	NUMERIC CODE	FONT FACE="Symbol" Code	LITERAL CODE
alpha	a	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">a</FONT>`	None
beta	b	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>`	None
gamma	g	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">g</FONT>`	None
delta	d	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">d</FONT>`	None
epsilon	e	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">e</FONT>`	None
zeta	z	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">z</FONT>`	None
eta	h	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">h</FONT>`	None
theta	q	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">q</FONT>`	None
iota	i	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">i</FONT>`	None
kappa	k	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">k</FONT>`	None
lambda	l	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">l</FONT>`	None
mu	m	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">m</FONT>`	None
nu	n	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">n</FONT>`	None
xi	x	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">x</FONT>`	None
omicron	o	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">o</FONT>`	None
pi	p	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">p</FONT>`	None
rho	r	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">r</FONT>`	None
sigma	s	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">s</FONT>`	None
tau	t	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">t</FONT>`	None
upsilon	u	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">u</FONT>`	None
phi	j	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">j</FONT>`	None
chi	c	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">c</FONT>`	None
psi	y	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">y</FONT>`	None
omega	w	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">w</FONT>`	None

Miscellaneous Symbols

NAME	SYMBOL	NUMERIC CODE	FONT FACE="Symbol" Code	LITERAL CODE
Blank space		None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol"> </FONT>`
Number sign	#	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">#</FONT>`	None
Percent	%	`%`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">%</FONT>`	None
Ampersand	&	`&`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">&</FONT>`	`&`
Double quote	²	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">²</FONT>`	"
Therefore	\	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">\</FONT>`	None
Upper bar	`	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">`</FONT>`	None
Infinity	¥	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¥</FONT>`	None
Degree	°	`°`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">°</FONT>`	°
Long dash	¾	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">¾</FONT>`	None
Aleph	À	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">À</FONT>`	None
Angle sign	Ð	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ð</FONT>`	None
Upside-down triangle	Ñ	None	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ñ</FONT>`	None
One-half	½	`½`	None	½
Cent sign	¢	`¢`	None	¢
Registered sign	®	`®`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ò</FONT>`	®
Copyright sign	©	`©`	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ó</FONT>`	©
Trademark sign	™	``	`<FONT FACE="Symbol">Ô</FONT>`	None

Math Symbols in HTML

Copyright © 1999 by S D Comer (steve.comer@citadel.edu)